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References

Cameron, E.Z. (2004). Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 271:1723–1728. http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/271

Chahnazarian, A. (1988). Determinants of the sex ratio at birth: Review of recent literature. Social Biology 35 (3–4): 214–235. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi..../abs/10.1080/1948556

Coale, A.J. (1991). Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population: An estimate of the number of "missing females." Population and Development Review 17(3): 517-523.http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1971953?uid=3739824&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104121507601

Clutton-Brock, T. H., Albon, S. D., and Guinness, F. E. (1986). Great expectations: dominance, breeding success and offspring sex ratios in red deer. Animal Behavior 34: 460-471. http://www.kora.ch/malme/05_li....brary/5_1_publicatio

Kalben B. (2000). Why men die younger: causes of mortality differences by sex. North American Actuarial Journal 4(4): 83–111. https://www.soa.org/news-and-p....ublications/publicat

Schnettler, S. (2013). Revisiting a Sample of U.S. Billionaires: How Sample Selection and Timing of Maternal Condition Influence Findings on the Trivers-Willard Effect. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57446. http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Song, S. (2012). Does famine influence sex ratio at birth? Evidence from the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279(1739):2883-2890. http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/ear

Thogerson C.M., Brady, C.M., Howard, R.D., Mason, G.J., Pajor, E.A., Vicino, G.A., and Garner, J.P. (2013) Winning the genetic lottery: biasing birth sex ratio results in more grandchildren. PLoS One 8(7):e67867. http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Trivers, R.L., and Willard, D.E. (1973). Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90-92. http://www.sciencemag.org/cont....ent/179/4068/90.abst


Photo credits:

Elephant Seal 1
Photo by: Roy Mangersnes
http://roywildphoto.blogspot.c....om/2008/11/elephant-

Elephant Seal 2
Photo by: Mike Baird
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....mikebaird/1183015967

White tailed deer
Photo by: Public Domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:White-tailed_dee

Key Deer
Photo by: IanarÈ SÈvi
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Odocoileus_

Male Lion
Photo by: Wikimedia user Robek
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Pair_of_lio

Baby Lion
Photo by: Flickr user fortherock
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....fortherock/389787218

Brad Pitt
Photo by: Foreign and Commonwealth Office
http://www.flickr.com/photos/f....oreignoffice/1421737

Kids
Photo by: Barbara Hobbs
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Upclose_of_

Thanks to 23andMe for sponsoring this video! https://www.23andme.com/minuteearth

Male birds have the largest genital diversity of any class of animals because their sex chromosomes make it easy to pass male-helping mutations down the line.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Sex chromosome: A chromosome involved in determining the sex of an individual.
Cloaca: A posterior orifice that serves as the only exit for the gastrointestinal, urinary and genital tracts.
Mutation: An alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
Sexually-selected Trait: A trait based on a mutation that confers a reproductive advantage.
BMP4: A protein whose presence halts the growth of bird penises in the egg.
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
An article from The Week about some of the strangest penises in the animal kingdom: http://theweek.com/articles/47....4417/12-weirdest-ani
_________________________________________

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___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


___________________________________________

References:

Brennan, P. and Prum, R. (2015). Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection,Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict. 1-21. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Retrieved from: http://cshperspectives.cshlp.o....rg/content/7/7/a0177

Brennan, P. (2013). Genital Evolution: Cock-a-Doodle-Don’t. Current Biology. R523-R525. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Brennan, P., Birkhead, T., Zyskowski, K., van der Waagand, J., and Prum, R. (2008). Independent evolutionary reductions of the phallus in basal birds. Journal of Avian Biology, 39: 487-492. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.0908-

Briskie, J. and Montgomerie, R. (1997). Sexual selection and the intromittent organ of birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 28: 73-86. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3....677097?seq=1#page_sc

Herrera, A., Brennan, P., and Cohn, M. (2014). Development of Avian External Genitalia: Interspecific Differences and Sexual Differentiation of the Male and Female Phallus. Sexual Development. 9: 43-52. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25011524.

Reinhold, K. (1998). Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits. Sexual Selection. 44:1-7. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/s0026500

Image Credits:

Mandarin Ducks - Francis C. Franklin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Pair_of_ma

Gorillas - Based on photo by Wikimedia user No escape
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Gorillafam

Lake Duck Penis - Kevin McCracken (Published in Nature 2001)

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In the animal kingdom, sex often involves more conflict than cooperation. The struggle between males and females leads to a host of weird adaptations, from chastity belts to anti-aphrodisiacs.

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___________________________________________

Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started:
Sexual conflict: an evolutionary mismatch between the interests of males and females, especially concerning mating strategies
___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (twitter: @KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (twitter: @eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter: @eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter: @eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (@minutephysics), Alex Reich (@alexhreich) and Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:

Brennan, P.L.R., Clark, C.J., & Prum, R.O. (2010). Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 309–1314. http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/ear

Chapman, T., Arnqvist, G., Bangham J., & Rowe, L. (2003). Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 41–47. http://heart.sdsu.edu/~website..../Biology_307/pdfs/Co

Dean, R., Nakagawa, S., & Pizzari, T. (2011). The risk and intensity of sperm ejection in female birds. American Naturalist 178(3): 343–354. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661244

Hosken D.J. & Stockley, P. (2004). Sexual selection and genital evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 87-93. http://www.cell.com/trends/eco....logy-evolution/abstr

Koprowski, J.L. (1992). Removal of copulatory plugs by female tree squirrels. Journal of Mammalogy 732:572—76. http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/73/3/572

Price, C.S.C., Dyer, K.A., Coyne, J.A. (1999). Sperm competition between Drosophila males involves both displacement and incapacitation. Nature 400: 449-452. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v400/n6743/fu

Rowe, L., Arnqvist, G., Sih, A. & Krupa, J. J. (1994). Sexual conflict and the evolutionary ecology of mating patterns: water striders as a model system. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:289-293. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/0

We made a book and it's officially out on October 12. We're celebrating in a casual livestream where the whole team will hang out, answer your questions and maybe play some games. Learn more about our book and how to get it: https://www.minuteearth.com/books/

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Female hyenas don't have penises, but it sure looks like they do - and we still aren't quite sure why.

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Pseudopenis: a structure that resembles a penis but is developmentally (and functionally) different
Masculinization: the process by which female genitalia is made to appear more like male genitalia
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
Why It Sucks to Be a Male Hyena
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBCNWmU5apE

Hyena having a baby at the Buffalo Zoo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rd7TvoPtWM
_________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/

Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Video Credits:
Spotted Hyenas Mating - Olivia Spagnuolo

Image Credits:
Female Spotted Hyena - Kate Yoshida
Spotted Hyena Pseudopenis - Kay Holekamp

Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - Flickr user Jean
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....7326810@N08/30916113

Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) - Bernard DUPONT
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....berniedup/6472940707

Proteles cristatus - Dominik Käuferle
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Proteles_c

Squirrel monkey - Wikimedia user Megapixie
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Squirrel_m

Ring tailed lemur - Wikimedia user Sannse
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Ring_taile

Fossa - Ran Kirlian
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Cryptoproc

Binturong - Tassilo Rau
https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Binturong_

___________________________________________

References:

Cunha GR, Risbridger G, Wang H, Place NJ, Grumbach M, Cunha TJ, Weldele M, Conley AJ, Barcellos D, Agarwal S, Bhargava A, Drea C, Hammond GL, Siiteri P, Coscia EM, McPhaul MJ, Baskin LS, Glickman SE. (2014) Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Differentiation. 87(1-2):4-22. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Frank LG (1997) Evolution of genital masculinization: why do female hyenas have such a large 'penis'? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:58-62. http://www.cell.com/trends/eco....logy-evolution/abstr

Frank LG and Glickman SE (1994) Giving birth through a penile clitoris: parturition and dystocia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J. Zool. 234:659–665. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.1469-

Frank LG, Weldele ML, and Glickman SE (1995) Masculinization costs in hyaenas. Nature 377:584–585. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v377/n6550/ab

Glickman SE, Cunha GR, Drea CM, Conley AJ and Place NJ (2006) Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena. rends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 (9): 349–356. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Holekamp, KE, personal communication. August and September 2017.

Muller MN and Wrangham R (2002) Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas. The Quarterly Review of Biology 77 (1):3-16. http://www.journals.uchicago.e....du/doi/abs/10.1086/3

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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!

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Because there are so many different types of penises among our evolutionary relatives, we didn’t know until a recent discovery whether they all had the same origin.

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Amniote: Vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in a thin sac.
- Cloaca: A posterior orifice used for excretion and reproduction.
- Cloacal Kiss: A method that penisless amniotes use to mate, which involves males and females momentarily pressing their cloacae together.
- Tuatara: Reptiles endemic to New Zealand that are the only surviving members of their ancient amniote group.
- Hemipenis: One of the paired copulatory organs of lizards and snakes.
- Bmp4: A protein that, when present, stifles the growth of penises in chick embryos.
- Convergent Evolution: The independent evolution of similar features in different species.

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CREDITS
*********
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David Goldenberg | Script Editor & Narrator
Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Ever Salazar | Director
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida


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Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/....podcast/minuteearth/


REFERENCES
**************
Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2017). “Life Expectancy” – What does this actually mean?. Our World In Data. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/lif....e-expectancy-how-is-

Dendy, Arthur. 1899. “Memoirs: Outlines of the Development of the Tuatara, Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus.” Journal of Cell Science s2-42: 1–87.

Cree, Alison. 2014. Tuatara: Biology and Conservation of a Venerable Survivor. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press.

Gans, Carl, James C. Gillingham, and David Lang Clark. 1984. “Courtship, Mating and Male Combat in Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus.” Journal of Herpetology 18 (2): 194–97. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.2307/1563749.

Sanger, Thomas J., Marissa L. Gredler, and Martin J. Cohn. 2015. “Resurrecting Embryos of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to Resolve Vertebrate Phallus Evolution.” Biology Letters 11 (10): pii: 20150694. REtreieved from: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0694.

Herrera, Ana María, Simone G. Shuster, Claire L. Perriton, and Martin J. Cohn. 2013. “Developmental Basis of Phallus Reduction During Bird Evolution.” Current Biology 23 (12): 1065–74. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062.

Brennan, Patricia L. R. 2016a. “Evolution: One Penis After All.” Current Biology 26: R29–R31. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.024.

Willingham, Emily. 2020. Fallacy: Life Lessons from the Animal Penis. Avery. Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.com/Phallac....y-Life-Lessons-Anima

Get 50% off your first month of any KiwiCo crate by going to http://www.kiwico.com/minuteearth50
The writers/directors at MinuteEarth got together to share some of their favorite MinuteEarth videos.

0:00 - Kate's Intro
0:54 - Why Poor Places are More Diverse | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWVATekt4ZA
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Created by Henry Reich
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Music by Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!

Here’s how mountains control the weather. #shorts

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SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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CREDITS
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Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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A new study finds that dog years don’t work like we thought they did. #shorts

SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
**************************
If you like what we do, you can help us!:
- Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
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CREDITS
*********
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Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
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Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

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REFERENCES
**************
Wang et al. (2020). Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome. Cell Systems. 11, 176–185. Retrieved from: https://www.cell.com/cell-syst....ems/fulltext/S2405-4

Help support COVID-19 relief efforts every time you surf the web. Download the Tab For A Cause extension today at http://tabforacause.org/minuteearth2

In this collection of classic MinuteEarth videos, we take a look at how deep the divide between males and females actually goes.

We originally created the videos in the “MinuteEarth Explains” series for another project. But we know that lots of people right now are looking for really good online educational content - and something to take their mind off current events - so we decided to release them here as well. We’d love to know what you think, so leave us a comment below!

These are the episodes featured in this compilation:

0:04 - Are any Animals Truly Monogamous?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxQdLhOQf5c

3:24 - Males vs. Females: Sexual Conflict
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMCtE2-YsLc

6:18 - Why Bird Penises Are So Weird
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZJ_3_cTGoI

8:49 - Why It Sucks to Be a Male Hyena
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBCNWmU5apE

11:27 - Why Do Female Hyenas Have Pseudo-Penises?!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Egtbs-go4Q

YouTube and NBC invited us to make a video for the final Democratic Candidate’s Debate before the US Presidential primaries. Here’s our video (about climate change & energy), Lester Holt’s question, & the candidates’ responses.

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- Today I Found Out

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Want to learn more about this video’s topic? Here are some keywords to get your googling started:

climate change, global warming, alternative energy, renewable energy, fossil fuels

___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich, and Omkar Bhagat: (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Total US energy consumption by source in 2014
82% fossil fuels (petroleum 35%, coal 18%, natural gas 28%)
10% renewables (solar 0.4%, geothermal 0.2%, wind 1.8%, biofuels 5%, hydro 2.6%)
8% nuclear

http://www.eia.gov/energyexpla....ined/index.cfm?page=

http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=92&t=4

Please support us on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
THANK YOU for helping us stick around!
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Thanks to the Land Institute for sponsoring this video! To learn more about their work, visit https://landinstitute.org/
To feed everyone in the future, we may need to disrupt 10,000 years of farming practices and turn agriculture into a closed system.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Annual plant: living for a year or less, perpetuating itself by seed
Perennial plant: living for several years
Polyculture: the simultaneous cultivation or exploitation of several crops or kinds of animals
Natural systems agriculture: cropping systems based on processes found in nature
Agroforestry: land use management that combines the cultivation of trees/shrubs with crops/pasture to create more productive and sustainable land-use systems
Alley cropping: planting agricultural crops between rows of trees or shrubs
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
Alley cropping: https://nac.unl.edu/documents/....agroforestrynotes/an
Agroforestry: http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/89997/en/
_________________________________________

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Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/

Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


___________________________________________

References:

Baker, B. 2017. Can Modern Agriculture Be Sustainable? Perennial polyculture holds promise. BioScience, 67(4), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix018

Crews, T. E. 2016. Closing the Gap between Grasslands and Grain Agriculture. Kan. JL & Pub. Pol'y, 26, 274. https://goo.gl/d7BGsb

Dawson, C. J., & Hilton, J. 2011. Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world: Production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus. Food Policy, 36, S14-S22. https://goo.gl/8dMuP1

Famiglietti, J. S. 2014. The global groundwater crisis. Nature Climate Change, 4(11), 945-948. http://aquadoc.typepad.com/fil....es/jfam_global_gw_cr

Kantar, M. B. et al. 2016. Perennial grain and oilseed crops. Annual review of plant biology, 67, 703-729. http://www.annualreviews.org/d....oi/abs/10.1146/annur

Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g

Check out Brilliant (and get 20% off) here: https://brilliant.org/MinuteEarth/

In this collection of classic MinuteEarth videos, we learn that for pretty much every action we humans take, there’s an unintended consequence we didn’t see coming.

0:00 - Intro (woof!)

0:15 - The Cruel Irony Of Air Conditioning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbhLBBcm2Fg

3:10 - How Fighting Wildfires Makes Them Worse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX1xnWPSjKg

6:35 - How Humans Made Malaria So Deadly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64pvlCtH-Oo

Watch this adorable preview for the end of the world
https://grist.org/food/watch-t....his-adorable-preview

8:39 - What Nuclear Bombs Taught Us About Whales
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_QJ3KxkjtE

11:06 - Outro (woof!)

Animations by PhD TV - http://phdcomics.com/tv/
Please support MinuteEarth on Patreon! - https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Thanks to the following Subbable supporters, who help make MinuteEarth possible:

@nvnox
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Alejandro Alvarez :)

And thanks to Robert Jones for helping us find the NatGeo article. His channel - http://www.youtube.com/user/themefund

Here we explain how Port Royal - "the most wicked and sinful city in the world", cars, roads, and huge buildings can sink into the ground during during earthquakes or blasting.

How much it costs to make MinuteEarth - http://dft.ba/-how_much_MinuteEarth_costs

Created by Henry Reich
Video Concept and Writing: Mary Beth Griggs
Animation: Jorge Cham
Production and Writing Team: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, Ever Salazar
Music: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

MinuteEarth is available as a free iTunes podcast! - http://podcast.minuteearth.com/

Facebook - http://facebook.com/minuteearth
Twitter - http://twitter.com/MinuteEarth

MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!


Image Sources:
Van in sink hole
http://www.flickr.com/photos/m....artinluff/5470164110

Liquefied road
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Liquefactio

Japanese apartment complex tipped over
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Liquefaction_at_

Car stuck in ground
Mark Lincoln: http://www.nzraw.co.nz/images/....New-Christchurch-Ear


References:
Link, M.C. February 1960. Exploring the Drowned City of Port Royal. National Geographic 117(2): 151-183.

University of Washington Soil Liquefaction
http://www.ce.washington.edu/~....liquefaction/html/ma

University of Edinburgh Liquefaction
Burton, S. & Scobie, G. http://liquefactionmitigation.....weebly.com/index.htm

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
The technology we use to keep cool is heating the world in a vicious feedback cycle, so we need to improve it and use it less.

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with this keyword:
Refrigerant - a substance used in air conditioners & refrigerators for its ability to change phases and transfer heat
___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
How AC changed the world: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39735802
People use AC to make their homes feel like Africa: http://bit.ly/2Y9fOH3
_________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/

Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer & Video Narrator: Alex Reich
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia Rius
Video Director: Julián Gustavo Gómez
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Sarah Berman
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________

References:

European Commission. Climate-friendly alternatives to HFCs. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/pol....icies/f-gas/alternat Accessed May 2019.

Gunawardena, K. R., et al. 2017. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity. Science of the Total Environment, 584, 1040-1055. http://bit.ly/2GbBuHY

Graves, R. Pers. comm. May 2019.

International Energy Agency. 2017. Space cooling: More access, more comfort, less energy. https://www.iea.org

International Energy Agency. 2018. The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy- efficient air conditioning. https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

International Institute of Refrigeration. Nov 2017. The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change. http://bit.ly/30A56Xh

Keeler, B. L., et al. 2019. Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nature Sustainability, 2(1), 29. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0202-1

Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2016. Recovery, Recycling & Destruction of CFC, HCFC, & HFC. https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth..../ozone/leaf2016/04.p

Pakbaznia, E., & Pedram, M. 2009. Minimizing data center cooling and server power costs. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design (pp. 145-150). http://bit.ly/2JDL5bN

Reardon, C. & Clarke, R. 2013. Passive cooling. Australian Government: Your Home. http://bit.ly/2LNMmj7

Sachar, S., et al. 2018. Solving the Global Cooling Challenge: How to Counter the Climate Threat from Room Air Conditioners. Rocky Mountain Institute. www.rmi.org/insight/solving_th....e_global_cooling_cha

Sadineni, S. B., et al. 2011. Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(8), 3617-3631. http://bit.ly/2G9uGec

Sivak, M. 2013. Air conditioning versus heating: climate control is more energy demanding in Minneapolis than in Miami. ERL, 8(1), 014050. http://bit.ly/2SbyOix

Zhang, X., & Caldeira, K. 2015. Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. GRL, 42(11), 4548-4555. http://bit.ly/2LS8id0

Zhao, L., et al. 2015. Reduction of potential greenhouse gas emissions of room air-conditioner refrigerants: a life cycle carbon footprint analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 100, 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.063

Thank you to HelloFresh for sponsoring this video! Use code EARTH14 for up to 14 FREE MEALS across your first 5 HelloFresh boxes plus free shipping at https://bit.ly/3vvSdyo

Trying to ripen some fruits on your kitchen counter is totally fruitless - here's why.

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
climacteric: a pattern of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (meaning that the fruit can ripen off the plant)
nonclimacteric: ripening that is not characterized by a peak of ethylene production or respiration (and must happen on the plant)

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- Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
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CREDITS
*********
Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

OTHER CREDITS
*****************
Footage by Kate Yoshida:
- Fruits on counter
- Pineapple cut
- Grocery store fruits

Cherry photo by Khoa Ma
https://unsplash.com/photos/Y2OD2mO3-AM

Orange photo by Adam Nieścioruk
https://unsplash.com/photos/ltn8ztC6kjk

Pineapple photo by Fernando Andrade
https://unsplash.com/photos/nAOZCYcLND8

Apple photo by Adam Thompson

Banana photo by Moritz Kindler
https://unsplash.com/photos/j-v3GVQ9lC8

Mango photo by Unsplash user triplemdesignz
https://unsplash.com/photos/jiaruS1hf6Q


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Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/....podcast/minuteearth/


REFERENCES
**************
Cherian, S., Figueroa, C. R., and Nair, H. (2014). ‘Movers and shakers’ in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4705–4722. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24994760/

Fukano Y. & Tachiki Y. (2021). Evolutionary ecology of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Biology Letters 17 (9). https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/10.1098/rsb

Leng, P., Yuan, B., & Guo, Y. (2014). The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4577–4588. https://academic.oup.com/jxb/a....rticle/65/16/4577/28

Lu, P. T. et al. (2018). Genome encode analyses reveal the basis of convergent evolution of fleshy fruit ripening. Nat. Plants 4, 784–791. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0249-z

Paul V., Pandey R., & Srivastava G.C. (2012). The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene - an overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49:01-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572821/