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A new study finds that dog years don’t work like we thought they did. #shorts

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YouTube and NBC invited us to make a video for the final Democratic Candidate’s Debate before the US Presidential primaries. Here’s our video (about climate change & energy), Lester Holt’s question, & the candidates’ responses.

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Want to learn more about this video’s topic? Here are some keywords to get your googling started:

climate change, global warming, alternative energy, renewable energy, fossil fuels

___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich, and Omkar Bhagat: (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Total US energy consumption by source in 2014
82% fossil fuels (petroleum 35%, coal 18%, natural gas 28%)
10% renewables (solar 0.4%, geothermal 0.2%, wind 1.8%, biofuels 5%, hydro 2.6%)
8% nuclear

http://www.eia.gov/energyexpla....ined/index.cfm?page=

http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=92&t=4

Thanks to the Land Institute for sponsoring this video! To learn more about their work, visit https://landinstitute.org/
To feed everyone in the future, we may need to disrupt 10,000 years of farming practices and turn agriculture into a closed system.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Annual plant: living for a year or less, perpetuating itself by seed
Perennial plant: living for several years
Polyculture: the simultaneous cultivation or exploitation of several crops or kinds of animals
Natural systems agriculture: cropping systems based on processes found in nature
Agroforestry: land use management that combines the cultivation of trees/shrubs with crops/pasture to create more productive and sustainable land-use systems
Alley cropping: planting agricultural crops between rows of trees or shrubs
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
Alley cropping: https://nac.unl.edu/documents/....agroforestrynotes/an
Agroforestry: http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/89997/en/
_________________________________________

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___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


___________________________________________

References:

Baker, B. 2017. Can Modern Agriculture Be Sustainable? Perennial polyculture holds promise. BioScience, 67(4), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix018

Crews, T. E. 2016. Closing the Gap between Grasslands and Grain Agriculture. Kan. JL & Pub. Pol'y, 26, 274. https://goo.gl/d7BGsb

Dawson, C. J., & Hilton, J. 2011. Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world: Production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus. Food Policy, 36, S14-S22. https://goo.gl/8dMuP1

Famiglietti, J. S. 2014. The global groundwater crisis. Nature Climate Change, 4(11), 945-948. http://aquadoc.typepad.com/fil....es/jfam_global_gw_cr

Kantar, M. B. et al. 2016. Perennial grain and oilseed crops. Annual review of plant biology, 67, 703-729. http://www.annualreviews.org/d....oi/abs/10.1146/annur

Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g

In this collection of classic MinuteEarth videos, we learn that for pretty much every action we humans take, there’s an unintended consequence we didn’t see coming. 0:00 - Intro (woof!) 0:15 - The Cruel Irony Of

Animations by PhD TV - http://phdcomics.com/tv/
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And thanks to Robert Jones for helping us find the NatGeo article. His channel - http://www.youtube.com/user/themefund

Here we explain how Port Royal - "the most wicked and sinful city in the world", cars, roads, and huge buildings can sink into the ground during during earthquakes or blasting.

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Created by Henry Reich
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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!


Image Sources:
Van in sink hole
http://www.flickr.com/photos/m....artinluff/5470164110

Liquefied road
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Liquefactio

Japanese apartment complex tipped over
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Liquefaction_at_

Car stuck in ground
Mark Lincoln: http://www.nzraw.co.nz/images/....New-Christchurch-Ear


References:
Link, M.C. February 1960. Exploring the Drowned City of Port Royal. National Geographic 117(2): 151-183.

University of Washington Soil Liquefaction
http://www.ce.washington.edu/~....liquefaction/html/ma

University of Edinburgh Liquefaction
Burton, S. & Scobie, G. http://liquefactionmitigation.....weebly.com/index.htm

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
The technology we use to keep cool is heating the world in a vicious feedback cycle, so we need to improve it and use it less.

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with this keyword:
Refrigerant - a substance used in air conditioners & refrigerators for its ability to change phases and transfer heat
___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:
How AC changed the world: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39735802
People use AC to make their homes feel like Africa: http://bit.ly/2Y9fOH3
_________________________________________

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___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer & Video Narrator: Alex Reich
Video Illustrator: Arcadi Garcia Rius
Video Director: Julián Gustavo Gómez
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Sarah Berman
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
___________________________________________

References:

European Commission. Climate-friendly alternatives to HFCs. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/pol....icies/f-gas/alternat Accessed May 2019.

Gunawardena, K. R., et al. 2017. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity. Science of the Total Environment, 584, 1040-1055. http://bit.ly/2GbBuHY

Graves, R. Pers. comm. May 2019.

International Energy Agency. 2017. Space cooling: More access, more comfort, less energy. https://www.iea.org

International Energy Agency. 2018. The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for energy- efficient air conditioning. https://www.iea.org/futureofcooling/

International Institute of Refrigeration. Nov 2017. The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change. http://bit.ly/30A56Xh

Keeler, B. L., et al. 2019. Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nature Sustainability, 2(1), 29. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0202-1

Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2016. Recovery, Recycling & Destruction of CFC, HCFC, & HFC. https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth..../ozone/leaf2016/04.p

Pakbaznia, E., & Pedram, M. 2009. Minimizing data center cooling and server power costs. In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design (pp. 145-150). http://bit.ly/2JDL5bN

Reardon, C. & Clarke, R. 2013. Passive cooling. Australian Government: Your Home. http://bit.ly/2LNMmj7

Sachar, S., et al. 2018. Solving the Global Cooling Challenge: How to Counter the Climate Threat from Room Air Conditioners. Rocky Mountain Institute. www.rmi.org/insight/solving_th....e_global_cooling_cha

Sadineni, S. B., et al. 2011. Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(8), 3617-3631. http://bit.ly/2G9uGec

Sivak, M. 2013. Air conditioning versus heating: climate control is more energy demanding in Minneapolis than in Miami. ERL, 8(1), 014050. http://bit.ly/2SbyOix

Zhang, X., & Caldeira, K. 2015. Time scales and ratios of climate forcing due to thermal versus carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. GRL, 42(11), 4548-4555. http://bit.ly/2LS8id0

Zhao, L., et al. 2015. Reduction of potential greenhouse gas emissions of room air-conditioner refrigerants: a life cycle carbon footprint analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 100, 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.063

Thank you to HelloFresh for sponsoring this video! Use code EARTH14 for up to 14 FREE MEALS across your first 5 HelloFresh boxes plus free shipping at https://bit.ly/3vvSdyo

Trying to ripen some fruits on your kitchen counter is totally fruitless - here's why.

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
climacteric: a pattern of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (meaning that the fruit can ripen off the plant)
nonclimacteric: ripening that is not characterized by a peak of ethylene production or respiration (and must happen on the plant)

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CREDITS
*********
Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

OTHER CREDITS
*****************
Footage by Kate Yoshida:
- Fruits on counter
- Pineapple cut
- Grocery store fruits

Cherry photo by Khoa Ma
https://unsplash.com/photos/Y2OD2mO3-AM

Orange photo by Adam Nieścioruk
https://unsplash.com/photos/ltn8ztC6kjk

Pineapple photo by Fernando Andrade
https://unsplash.com/photos/nAOZCYcLND8

Apple photo by Adam Thompson

Banana photo by Moritz Kindler
https://unsplash.com/photos/j-v3GVQ9lC8

Mango photo by Unsplash user triplemdesignz
https://unsplash.com/photos/jiaruS1hf6Q


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Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/....podcast/minuteearth/


REFERENCES
**************
Cherian, S., Figueroa, C. R., and Nair, H. (2014). ‘Movers and shakers’ in the regulation of fruit ripening: a cross-dissection of climacteric versus non-climacteric fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4705–4722. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24994760/

Fukano Y. & Tachiki Y. (2021). Evolutionary ecology of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Biology Letters 17 (9). https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/10.1098/rsb

Leng, P., Yuan, B., & Guo, Y. (2014). The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 4577–4588. https://academic.oup.com/jxb/a....rticle/65/16/4577/28

Lu, P. T. et al. (2018). Genome encode analyses reveal the basis of convergent evolution of fleshy fruit ripening. Nat. Plants 4, 784–791. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0249-z

Paul V., Pandey R., & Srivastava G.C. (2012). The fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene - an overview. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 49:01-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572821/

To make our work paw-sible, join us on Patreon at http://patreon.com/MinuteEarth!
Different dogs look incredibly different - but that doesn't mean they are necessarily more diverse.

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
phenotypic diversity - the range of different observable traits in a certain organism - for example, size, color, strength, and friendliness.
genetic diversity - the variation in the genetic information within and among individuals of a population or species
artificial selection (or selective breeding) - a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics

SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH
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If you like what we do, you can help us!:
- Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth
- Share this video with your friends and family
- Leave us a comment (we read them!)

CREDITS
*********
Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
https://neptunestudios.info

OUR STAFF
************
Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich
Peter Reich • Ever Salazar • Kate Yoshida

OUR LINKS
************
Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth
TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth
Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth
Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth
Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth

Website | https://minuteearth.com
Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/....podcast/minuteearth/


REFERENCES
**************
Hedrick P. & Andersson L. (2011) Are dogs genetically special? Heredity 106: 712–713. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC31862

Lampi S. et al. (2020) Variation in breeding practices and geographic isolation drive subpopulation differentiation, contributing to the loss of genetic diversity within dog breed lineages. Canine Medicine and Genetics 7(1): 1-10. https://cgejournal.biomedcentr....al.com/articles/10.1

Lyons L. (2009) Recent advances in cat genetics. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, Volume 4. https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.....com/en/publications/

Menotti-Raymond M. et al. (2008) Patterns of molecular genetic variation among cat breeds. Genomics 91(1): 1-11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/

Ostrander E. & Wayne R. (2005) The canine genome. Genome Research 15(12):1706-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16339369/

Parker H. et al. (2004) Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog. Science 304: 1160–4. https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/304/5674/11

Plassais J. et al. (2019) Whole genome sequencing of canids reveals genomic regions under selection and variants influencing morphology. Nature Communications 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09373-w

Go to https://NordVPN.com/minuteearth to get 75% off a 3 year plan and use code MINUTEEARTH for an extra month for free. Protect yourself online today.
Basic research can seem wasteful, but it's actually a great economic investment.
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.
___________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
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___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer, Video Director, Narrator: Kate Yoshida
Video Illustrators: Sarah Berman & Ever Salazar
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Arcadi Garcia Rius
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

___________________________________________

References:

Evoniuk, G, Kuhn, and C Schanberg, SM. (1979) The effect of tactile stimulation on serum growth hormone and tissue ornithine decarboxylase activity during maternal deprivation in rat pups. Communications in Psychopharmacology 3:363–370. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/548216

Field T, Diego M, and M Hernandez-Reif (2010) Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review. Infant Behavioral Development 33: 115-124. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC28449

Jones, CI, and JC Williams (1998) Measuring the Social Return to R&D. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(5): 1119-1135. https://academic.oup.com/qje/a....rticle-abstract/113/

Press, WH. (2013) What's So Special about Science (And How Much Should We Spend on It?), Science 342: 817-822. https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/342/6160/81

Salter, AJ and BR Martin. (2001) The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: a critical review. Research Policy 30:509-532. https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/abs/

Schanberg SM, Evoniuk G and CM Kuhn. (1984) Tactile and nutritional aspects of maternal care. specific regulators of neuroendocrine function and cellular development. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 175, 135–146. https://journals.sagepub.com/d....oi/abs/10.3181/00379

This video is in collaboration with Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2Cfph0j

Thanks to Bill and Melinda Gates for their financial support. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors.

No matter how wealthy a country is, there's a lot it can do to improve the health of its citizens.
_________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
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And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Bill Gates
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar
Video Director: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Narrator: Bill Gates & Emily Elert
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

___________________________________________

References:

Bolt, J., Timmer, M., & van Zanden, J. L. 2014. "GDP per capita since 1820”, in van Zanden, et al. (eds.), How Was Life?: Global Well-being since 1820, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-7-en

Life expectancy over time estimated from: https://github.com/open-number....s/ddf--gapminder--li

Countries that developed insurance systems found in: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-c....ontent/uploads/2016/

Thanks also to Dr. Shyam Deshpande and Dr. Tracy Seimears

We're making hurricanes stronger. Here's how. #shorts #sponsored

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/

We’re in the middle of a rapid, unprecedented, and world-changing increase in the intensity and scale of human activity on this planet.



Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members.

___________________________________________

To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:

The Great Acceleration - the dramatic increase in human activity, largely since 1950, that is evident across a variety of socio-economic and biophysical measures, and that has made humans into a planetary scale force

The Anthropocene - our current geological epoch (contested), beginning when humans first had significant impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems

Hockey stick graph - typically refers to the Mann et al 1999 graph of Earth’s temperature, but can also refer to any trend that's roughly constant for a long duration and then has a drastic upwards shift

___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, you might also like:

Welcome to the Anthropocene film - https://vimeo.com/39048998

Animated map of last 200,000 years of human population - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUwmA3Q0_OE

The history of emissions and the Great Acceleration - https://skepticalscience.com/E....mmissionsAcceleratio

The Hockey Stick Controversy - https://www.theatlantic.com/te....chnology/archive/201

An argument for 'why growth can’t be green’ - https://foreignpolicy.com/2018..../09/12/why-growth-ca

Can we stabilize Earth, or are we going to cross planetary thresholds? - www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1810141115

An attainable global vision for conservation and human well-being - https://www.nature.org/content..../dam/tnc/nature/en/d

_________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/

Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6

And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):

Script Writer, Editor and Video Narrator: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)

Video Director and Illustrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)

With Contributions From: Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg, Julián Gómez, Sarah Berman, Arcadi Garcia

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


Image Credits: Hockey stick graph: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:T_comp_61-90.pd by Klaus Bittermann. Used with permission.

Copper graph based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Peak_copper#/media/F

Life expectancy graph: https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy

CO2 graph: https://rateofchange.substack.....com/p/the-rate-of-ch

Girl receiving oral polio vaccine: https://www.flickr.com/photos/cdcglobal/8190819087 No changes were made.

___________________________________________

References:

Barnosky, A. D., et al. 2014. Introducing the scientific consensus on maintaining humanity’s life support systems in the 21st century: Information for policy makers. The Anthropocene Review, 1(1), 78-109. http://bit.ly/34rguHz

IGPB. 2015. Great Acceleration. http://www.igbp.net/globalchan....ge/greatacceleration Accessed Aug 2019.

Hellmann, J. Aug 2019. Personal communication.

Mann, M. E., et al. 1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(6), 759-762. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.....wiley.com/doi/pdf/10

McNeill, J.R. Oct 2019. Personal communication.

McNeill, J. R. 2001. Something new under the sun: An environmental history of the twentieth-century world (the global century series). WW Norton & Company.

Roser, M. 2019. Life Expectancy. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy Accessed Sept 2019.

Phillipon, D. Aug 2019. Personal communication.

Polasky, S. Sept 2019. Personal communication.

Steffen, W. et al. 2015. The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. The Anthropocene Review, 2(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2053019614564785



Thompson et al. 2009. Our plastic age. 364. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0054

Today's wildfires burn, on average, twice the amount of land they did in 1970. The reason? We've been working too hard to put them out.

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Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here's a keyword/phrase to get your googling started:
fuel ladder
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Credits (& Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Peter Reich
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Director: Henry Reich (@minutephysics)
With contributions from: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) & Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:

M.A. Finney, C.W. McHugh, and I.C. Grenfell. Stand- and landscape-level effects of prescribed burning on two Arizona wildfires. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1714–1722 (2005)

North, M.P., B.M. Collins, and S.L. Stephens. 2012. Using fire to increase the scale, benefits and future maintenance of fuels treatments. Journal of Forestry 110(7):392-401.

Prichard SJ, Peterson DL, Jacobson K (2010) Fuel treatments reduce the severity of wildfire effects in dry mixed conifer forest, Washington, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, 1615–1626. doi:10.1139/X10-109

Stephens, S.L., J.D. McIver, R.E.J. Boerner, C.J. Fettig, J.B. Fontaine, B.R. Hartsough, P. Kennedy, and D.W. Schwilk. 2012. Effects of forest fuel reduction treatments in the United States. BioScience 62:549-560.

Stephens, S.L., J.K. Agee, P.Z Fulé, M.P. North, W.H. Romme, T.W. Swetnam, and M.G. Turner. 2013. Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342:41-42.


Image Credits:

2002 Rodeo Fire Satellite Image by Landsat 7
2006 Tripod Complex Fires and Fuel Treatment photos by:
National Interagency Fire Center - http://www.nifc.gov/
Susan Prichard - https://www.firescience.gov/pr....ojects/briefs/07-1-2

Thanks also to Eli Anoszko, Mark Finney, Lee Frelich, Matt Hurteau, Dave Peterson, Susan Prichard, & Scott Stephens

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Our oceans don’t technically contain salt, but the ions salt is made of play a critical role in planet-wide processes that make the Earth habitable.

LEARN MORE
**************
To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Salt: chemical compounds made of positively- and negatively-charged particles called “ions” like sodium and chloride
Convection current: the movement of fluid, like water, due to a difference in temperature and/or density
Hydrothermal vent: a fissure on the seafloor that takes in dense ocean water and discharges water heated by volcanic activity below the seafloor.

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CREDITS
*********
Julián Gustavo Gómez (@thejuliangomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music

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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich
Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida

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REFERENCES
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Duxbury, A. C. (n.d.). Seawater. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater.

Earley, Joseph E. "Why there is no salt in the sea." Foundations of Chemistry 7.1 (2005): 85-102. https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1023/B:FOCH.0

Henney, J. E., C. L. Taylor, and C. S. Boon. "Taste and flavor roles of sodium in foods: A unique challenge to reducing sodium intake." Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in The United States; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50958/

Ouillon, Raphael, et al. "Halite precipitation from double‐diffusive salt fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical simulations." Water Resources Research 55.5 (2019): 4252-4265. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.....wiley.com/doi/10.102