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Tornado Formation: What is a Tornado and How Does it Form?
Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They are one of nature's most powerful and destructive forces. Understanding how tornadoes form is crucial for staying safe during severe weather.
What are the conditions needed for a tornado to form?
Tornadoes form when several specific weather conditions come together:
- Warm, moist air: This air provides the fuel for thunderstorms, creating rising thermals.
- Cold, dry air: This air creates a contrast with the warm, moist air, causing instability and the formation of thunderstorms.
- Strong winds: Wind shear, or changes in wind speed and direction with height, is essential. This creates a rotating column of air within the thunderstorm.
- Updraft: A strong updraft within the thunderstorm lifts the rotating column of air upward.
How does a tornado form?
1. Formation of a thunderstorm: Warm, moist air rises and cools, creating a thunderstorm. The rising air creates an updraft within the cloud.
2. Rotation: Wind shear causes the rising air to rotate, creating a horizontal spinning column of air within the thunderstorm.
3. Tilting: The updraft tilts the rotating column of air vertically, stretching it upward.
4. Tornado formation: As the rotating column of air descends from the thunderstorm, it touches the ground, forming a tornado.
Tornado classification
Tornadoes are classified using the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), which measures their intensity based on wind speed and damage caused:
| EF Scale Rating | Wind Speed (mph) | Damage |
|---|---|---|
| EF0 | 65-85 | Light damage |
| EF1 | 86-110 | Moderate damage |
| EF2 | 111-135 | Considerable damage |
| EF3 | 136-165 | Severe damage |
| EF4 | 166-200 | Devastating damage |
| EF5 | >200 | Incredible damage |
Tornado safety
Here are some safety tips to keep in mind during tornado warnings:
- Stay informed: Monitor weather reports and be aware of tornado warnings.
- Seek shelter: Go to a basement or an interior room on the lowest floor of a sturdy building.
- Avoid windows: Stay away from windows, as they can shatter during strong winds.
- Protect yourself: Cover your head and neck with a blanket or pillow for added protection.
- Stay calm: Remain calm and follow instructions from emergency officials.
Remember, tornadoes can occur quickly and without warning. By understanding the formation of tornadoes and taking necessary safety precautions, you can minimize your risk during severe weather.